Coccidiosis, Upper Intestinal, E acervulina

Introduction This is probably the commonest cause of coccidiosis in chickens and occurs worldwide. It is seen in layers and in broilers, both alone and in association with other species of coccidia and is caused by Eimeria acervulina, which is moderately pathogenic....

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11:48 AM

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Coccidiosis, Mid-intestinal, E necatrix

Introduction A highly pathogenic form of coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria necatrix, in which the parasite is present in the small intestine and in the caecum. It occurs in chickens worldwide and has variable morbidity but mortality is high in severely affected birds. Signs Reduced...

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11:47 AM

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Coccidiosis, Mid-intestinal, E maxima

Introduction One of the more common forms of coccidiosis in commercial broilers. Because of the area of intestine affected it tends to have a significant effect on productivity and susceptibility to necrotic enteritis. Caused by Eimeria maxima, of moderate to high...

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11:47 AM

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Coccidiosis, Kidney

Introduction A disease of geese caused by Eimeria truncata that can cause high mortality in geese of 3-12 weeks of age, it can also infect Barbary ducks and swans. Signs Depression. Weakness. Diarrhoea - faeces tend to be whitish. Reduced feed intake. Post-mortem lesions Enlarged kidneys. Kidneys light grey...

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11:46 AM

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Coccidiosis, Intestinal, of Ducks and Geese

Introduction Young ducks and geese may suffer from Eimeria spp infection. In the goose E. anseris is the most important, while in ducks Tyzzeria perniciosa is most pathogenic. Tyzerria has eight sporocysts in each oocyst, compared to four per oocyst for Eimeria. Coccidiosis occurs only very rarely in commercially reared...

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11:45 AM

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Coccidiosis, Ileorectal, E brunetti

Introduction A relatively rare form of coccidiosis affecting chickens worldwide caused by Eimeria brunetti. Of moderate to high pathogenicity, it is found in the terminal ileum, caecum and rectum. Morbidity and mortality are variable. Signs Depression. Ruffled feathers....

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11:43 AM

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Coccidiosis, E praecox

Introduction Infection of chickens with the protozoan parasite Eimeria praecox is spread in exactly the same as that with E. mitis but is practically non-pathogenic. Signs Normally asymptomatic but may cause reduced feed efficiency and reduced weight gain, and predispose to other intestinal conditions. Post-mortem...

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11:42 AM

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Coccidiosis, E mitis

Introduction This condition of chickens, seen worldwide, is caused by the protozoan parasite Eimeria mitis, which colonises the small intestine.The infective agent is found in litter, faeces and on fomites and birds are infected by the oral route with an incubation period of 2-5 days. The disease occurring is proportional...

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11:42 AM

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Coccidiosis, Caecal, E tenella

Introduction This was at one time the commonest type of coccidiosis and is certainly the most easily diagnosed. It is caused by Eimeria tenella and results in lesions in the caecum of chickens worldwide. Morbidity is 10-40% and mortality up to 50%. Transmission as for...

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11:41 AM

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Coccidia of Turkeys

Introduction Infection of turkeys with Eimeria spp. This disease is not very common in commercially reared turkeys though most turkey growers receive preventative medication for at least part of their lives. Five species of Eimeria have been identified that cause...

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11:40 AM

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Slipped Tendon or Perosis

Introduction Caused by deficiency of manganese, choline, zinc, either singly or in combination (although deficiencies of pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, niacin may also be involved).This condition is seen in chickens, ducks and turkeys. In turkeys it may be an inherited deficiency of galactosamine. Signs Short...

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11:39 AM

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Chlamydiosis, Psittacosisof poultry

Introduction An infection of turkeys, ducks, psittacines, pigeons, man, rarely chickens, caused by Chlamydia psittaci, a bacterium of highly variable pathogenicity. It is a 'Scheduled Disease' rarely diagnosed in UK, but occurring probably worldwide. Morbidity is 50-80%, mortality 5-40%.It is transmitted by contact,...

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9:18 AM

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Chicken Anaemia

Introduction A viral disease of chickens caused by Chicken Anaemia Virus or CAV. Prior to confirmation that it is in fact a virus it was known as Chicken Anaemia Agent or CAA.Mortality is typically 5-10% but may be up to 60% if there are predisposing factors present such as intercurrent disease (Aspergillosis,...

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9:17 AM

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Cellulitis

Introduction Cellulitis is literally an inflammation of connective tissues. It typically occurs between skin and muscles and between muscles and may be an incidental finding in a range of conditions. However its main importance is as a cause of condemnation in meat poultry, particularly broiler chickens.In the...

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9:16 AM

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Hairworm Infection

Introduction Nematode parasitic worms of poultry, game birds and pigeons of Capillaria species. C. obsignata in the small intestine, C. contorta in the crop and oesophagus. The worms are 7-18 mm long, about 0.05 mm wide and hair-like in appearance. Morbidity and mortality are usually low. Infection is by the oral...

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9:14 AM

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Cannibalism

Introduction A complex multifactorial behavioural problem of poultry and game birds seen worldwide. Morbidity is usually low but mortality is high among affected birds. Predisposing factors include overcrowding, excessive light intensity or variation (e.g. through shafts of light in the house), high temperatures,...

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9:13 AM

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Candidiasis,Thrush of poultry

Introduction A disease of the alimentary tract of chickens, turkeys, and sometimes other birds and mammals, characterised by thickening and white plaques on the mucosa, especially in the crop but sometimes in the proventriculus, intestine and cloaca, and associated with gizzard erosion.The cause is a fungal yeast,...

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9:12 AM

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Campylobacter Infection

Introduction Campylobacter spp. are bacteria that commonly infect a broad range of livestock species, pets and wild animals. In poultry they tend to multiply in large numbers in the hindgut, principally in the caecae. Campylobacters are a significant cause of enteritis in man. Infected poultry are a potential reservoir...

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9:30 AM

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Calcium Tetany

Introduction A metabolic disease of chickens, especially broiler parents. Predisposing factors include heat stress with reduced feed intake and panting. Signs Paralysis. Death from respiratory and cardiac failure. Post-mortem lesions Cyanosis. Congested lungs. Active ovary with egg in oviduct. Diagnosis This ...

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9:29 AM

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Caecal Worm

Introduction Heterakis gallinae, nematode parasites of poultry and game birds, are small whitish worms with a pointed tail, up to 1.5 cm in length that occur in the caecum. They are found worldwide. Morbidity is high but it is not associated with mortality. Infection...

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9:28 AM

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Breast Blister

Introduction A complex condition of chickens and turkeys occurring worldwide associated with trauma, leg weakness, and infection with Staphylococcus spp. bacteria. Morbidity may reach more than 50% but the condition is not fatal. Poor feather cover and caked or wet litter are predisposing factors. Signs Swelling...

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9:26 AM

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Botulism

Introduction A condition of chickens, turkeys, ducks and other waterfowl occurring worldwide and caused by a bacterial toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum mainly types A / C. The toxin is produced in decaying animal (usually carcases) and plant waste, and toxin-containing material (pond-mud, carcases, maggots)...

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9:20 AM

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Blackfly Infestation

Introduction Grey-black hump-backed flies, 5 mm long and found in North and South America that are external parasites of birds and mammals. The flies transmit leucocytozoonosis and also a filarial parasite in ducks. The condition tends to occur near to rapidly flowing streams, although these insects can travel...

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9:19 AM

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Biting Lice

Introduction Various species of lice are common external parasites of poultry worldwide. They are spread by direct contact between birds and by litter etc. Away from birds adults survive about 4-5 days. The parasites are 1-6 mm in size and their life cycle takes about 3 weeks. Menocanthus stramineus is the most...

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9:18 AM

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Biotin Deficiency, Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome

Introduction Biotin deficiency has occured in turkeys and chickens in many countries but is now rare in birds consuming properly formulated feeds. Reduced feed intake and blood sugar can precipitate fatty liver and kidney syndrome. Signs Poor growth. Leg weakness. Scabs around eyes and beak. Thickened skin...

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9:15 AM

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Big Liver and Spleen Disease

Introduction This condition was first seen in Australia in 1980. It is now known to be caused by an Avian Hepevirus. Related viruses have been reported to cause a hepatitis/splenomegaly syndrome in the USA, sub-clinical infection in pigs and Type E Hepatitis in man. The pig origin virus can cause disease in man,...

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9:13 AM

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external parasite Infestation

Introduction A condition of poultry, pigeons (and mammals) caused by infestation with the external parasite Cimex lectularius. The parasites are up to 5 mm long and feed at night. It occurs mainly in subtropical and some temperate areas. Adult parasites can survive for 1?12 months in the environment without feeding....

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9:11 AM

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Beak Necrosis

  Introduction A condition seen in chickens and turkeys caused by excessively fine mashed feeds. Signs Feed accumulates along edges of lower beak leading to distortion and necrosis of horny tissue. Has been associated with curled tongue in turkeys in the past. This may also be associated with ulcers in the...

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11:53 AM

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Flea And Tick Prevention

A person can examine their pet at home to determine if there is a need for flea and tick prevention. However, it is important to follow application directions of a product closely to avoid accidental poisoning of the pet. It may also be necessary to treat the yard and home if the pets stay outdoors most of the time....

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1:01 PM

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Skin Cancer In Dogs

Skin cancer in dogs is very common and is found in different forms. It is not always possible to see any changes to the cancer cell, unlike in humans where we can see changes in color etc. Therefore a biopsy is the only guaranteed way to confirm if they are benign or malignant. A biopsy is simply the removal of a small...

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12:54 PM

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Swollen Head Syndrome

IntroductionA viral disease of chickens, turkeys (see separate summary), guinea fowl and possibly pheasants seen in Europe, Africa, South America and North America. It is caused by a pneumovirus of the Paramyxoviridae family, first isolated from poults in South Africa...

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3:44 PM

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Avian Leukosis, Lymphoid Leukosis

Avian Leukosis, Lymphoid Leukosis, Leukosis/Sarkoma Group IntroductionA complex of viral diseases with various manifestations such as lymphoid leukosis, myeloblastosis (see Sero-type J), erythroblastosis, osteopetrosis, myxosarcomas, fibrosarcomas, other tumours....

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10:33 AM

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Avian Leukosis

 Avian Leukosis (Serotype J), MyelocytomatosisIntroductionCaused by an avian retrovirus. This condition has until now been seen only in meat-type chickens, with considerable strain-to-strain variation. It has occured in Europe, North and South America. Morbidity is low, though there is high mortality of affected...

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10:27 AM

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Avian Influenza-Highly Pathogenic

 Avian Influenza-Highly Pathogenic (HPAI), Fowl PlagueIntroductionOne of only two 'Class A' diseases of poultry targeted for emergency disease control measures by OIE, the equivalent of the World Health Organisation for animal diseases. This viral disease can cause exceptionally high mortality, especially in turkeys....

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10:24 AM

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Avian Encephalomyelitis, Epidemic Tremors

IntroductionAvian encephalomyelitis is a viral disease of the central nervous system of chickens, pheasants, turkeys, and quail. It has a worldwide distribution. Morbidity 5-60% depending on the immune status of the majority of parents, mortality high. Vertical transmission is very important, transmission occurs over...

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10:09 AM

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Avian Encephalomyelitis

 Avian Encephalomyelitis Egg DropIntroductionAvian encephalomyelitis virus infection in laying bird causes inapparent infection or drops in egg production. See Avian Encephalomyelitis, Epidemic tremors for its effect in young birds. It affects chickens, turkeys, quail, pheasants and occurs in most poultry-producing...

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9:56 AM

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Aspergillosis

 AspergillosisIntroductionA fungal infectious disease, caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, in which the typical sign is gasping for breath, especially in young chicks. Sometimes the same organism causes eye lesions or chronic lesions in older birds. The fungus can...

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9:53 AM

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Ascites

IntroductionAssociated with inadequate supplies of oxygen, poor ventilation and physiology (oxygen demand, may be related to type of stock and strain). Ascites is a disease of broiler chickens occurring worldwide but especially at high altitude. The disease has a complex aetiology and is predisposed by reduced ventilation,...

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10:29 AM

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Arizona infection

IntroductionCaused by the bacterium Arizona hinshawii, renamed Salmonella Arizonae. It affects turkeys, mainly in North America, and is not present in the UK turkey population. Mortality is 10-50% in young birds, older birds are asymptomatic carriers. Transmission is vertical, transovarian, and also horizontal, through...

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10:24 AM

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Worms

Worms Parasitic gastroenteritis is associated with large numbers of nematodes in the abomasum and intestines. The nematodes in the abomasum are generally considered to be the primary pathogens, with those in the intestines playing a lesser but synergistic role. In the United Kingdom, the predominant worms in the abomasum...

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10:05 AM

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Wooden Tongue

Wooden Tongue Wooden tongue is a well-defined disease of the soft tissues of the mouth region in adult cattle. It is caused by A. lignieresii coccobacillus, part of the normal bacterial flora of the upper digestive tract. The bacteria usually invade the skin through a wound or minor trauma caused by sticks or straw or...

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10:03 AM

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Ulcerative Mammillitis

Ulcerative Mammillitis Ulcerative mammillitis is a relatively uncommon condition but it can spread rapidly in herds which are affected for the first time and cause significant pain and discomfort. It tends to occur most commonly in early winter. What is ulcerative mammillitis?Ulcerative...

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9:59 AM

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Trypanosomosis/ Sleeping Disease/ 'Nagana'

Trypanosomosis/ Sleeping Disease/ 'Nagana' Mainly occuring in Africa, Trypanosomosis, or Sleeping Disease, is a infection affecting both animals and humans. The disease mainly occurs in areas where Tsetse flies inhabit. Tsetse flies infest 10 million square kilometres and affect 37 countries, mostly in Africa, where...

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9:55 AM

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